HJAR Mar/Apr 2025

62 MAR / APR 2025 I  HEALTHCARE JOURNAL OF ARKANSAS The CoBALT Model: Expanding Access to Autism Evaluations in Arkansas and Reduc- ing Wait Times for Diagnosis By Jaimie Flor, MD, and Jayne Bellando, PhD 1 American Psychiatric Association. “Autism spectrum disorder,” in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Ameri- can Psychiatric Association, 2013. 2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disor- der.” Accessed January 2025. https://www.cdc . gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html 3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “A Snapshot of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Arkan- sas. Accessed January2025. https://www.cdc. gov/ncbddd/autism/addm-community-report/ arkansas.html 4 Kraft, C.; Badesch, S.; Shannon, J.; et al. “Wait Times and Processes for Autism Diagnostic Evaluations: A first Report Survey of Autism Cen- ters in the U.S.” Accessed January 2025. https:// www.cms.gov/files/document/wait-times-and- processes-autism-diagnostic-evaluations-first- report-survey-autism-centers-us.pdf 5 Gordon-Lipkin, E.; Foster, J.; Peacock, G. “Whit- tling Down the Wait Time: Exploring Models to Minimize the Delay from Initial Concern To Di- agnosis and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Pediatric Clinics of North America 63, issue 5 (October 2016): 851-859. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.06.007 6 McCormack, G.; Dillon, A.C.; Healy, O.; et al. “Pri- mary Care Physicians’ Knowledge of Autism and Evidence-Based Interventions for Autism: A Sys- tematic Review.” Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 7 (Dec. 4, 2019): 226- 241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-019-00189-4 7 Williams, P.; Tomchek, S.; Grau, R.; et al. “Par- ent and Physician Perceptions of Medical Home Care for Children With Autism Spectrum Disor- ders in the State of Kentucky.” Clinical Pediatrics 51, issue 11 (Sept. 13, 2012): 1071-1078. https://doi. org/10.1177/0009922812460333 8 Carbone, P.S.; Norlin, C.; Young, P.C. “Improv- ing Early Identification and Ongoing Care of Chil- dren With Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Pediatrics 137, no.6 (June 1, 2016): e20151850. https://doi. org/10.1542/peds.2015-1850 9 Hamp, N.; DeHaan, S.L.; Cerf, C.M.; Radesky, J.S. “Primary Care Pediatricians’ Perspectives on Autism Care.” Pediatrics 151, no.1 (Dec. 23, 2022): e2022057712. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022- 057712 10 Keehn, R.;Tang, Q.; Swignoski, N.; Ciccarelli, M. “Associations Among Referral Concerns, Screening Results and Diagnostic Outcomes of Young Children Assessed in a Statewide Early Autism Evaluation Network.” The Journal of Pe- diatrics 233 (June 2021): 74-81.e8. DOI: 10.1016/j. jpeds.2021.02.063 11 Shevell, M.I.; Majnemer, A.; Rosenbaum, P.; Abrahamowicz, M. “Profile of Referrals for Early Childhood Developmental Delay to Ambulatory Subspecialty Clinics.” Journal of Child Neurology 16, issue 9 (September 2001): 645-650. https:// doi.org/10.1177/088307380101600904 Differential Diagnoses in Autism: What You Should Know By Shruti Tewar. MD 1 American Academy of Pediatrics. “Autism Spectrum Disorder: Screening and Diagnosis.” Accessed February 2025. aap.org 2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Developmental Disabilities: Data & Statistics: 2021.” Accessed February 2025. cdc.gov Febru- ary 3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Early Hearing Detection and Intervention (EHDI) Program Data: 2022.” Accessed February 2025. cdc.gov. 4 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Prevalence of ADHD and Medication Treatment: 2020.” National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Accessed February 2025. cdc.gov. 5 Gotham, K.; et al. “The Broader Autism Pheno- type in ADHD: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 45, special issue 2 (February 2025): 246-258. DOI: 10.1007/ s10803-014-2211-4 From Seizures to Sleep: Understanding Co- Occurring Medical Conditions in Autism — What Every Provider Should Know By Kimberly Macferran, MD 1 Hyman, S.L.; Levy, S.E.; Myers, S.M.; Council on Children with Disabilities, Section on Develop- mental and Behavioral Pediatrics. “Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Pediatrics 145, is- sue 1. (January 2020): e20193447. https://doi. org/10.1542/peds.2019-3447 2 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Association, 2013. 3 Smith, S.; White, J.; Jambhekar, S. “0717 Rest- less sleep associated with low ferritin levels: A Retrospective Study in a Pediatric Sleep Center.” Sleep 46, issue supplement 1 (May 2023): A314– A315. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad077.0717 4 Weitzman, C.; Wegner, L.; Section on Devel- opmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Council on Early Childhood, Society for Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. “Pro- moting Optimal Development: Screening for Behavioral and Emotional Problems.” Pediatrics 135, issue 2 (February 2015): 384–395. https://doi. org/10.1542/peds.2014-3716 5 Bauman, M.L. “Medical comorbidities in autism: challenges to diagnosis and treatment.” Neuro- therapeutics 7, no.3 (July 2010): 320-327. DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2010.06.001 Recognizing Autism Across Cultures: The Impact of Bias in Screening & Diagnosis By Trenesha L. Hill, PhD 1 Constantino, J.N.; Abbacchi, A.M.; Saulnier, C.; et al. “Timing of the Diagnosis of Autism in Af- rican American Children.” Pediatrics 146, issue 3 (September 2020): e20193629. DOI:10.1542/ peds.2019-3629 2 Maenner, M.J.; Warren, Z.; Williams, A.R.; et al. “Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spec- trum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Moni- toring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020.” MMWR, Surveillance Summaries 72, no.2 (March 24, 2023): 1-14. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss7202a1 3 Jadav, N.; Bal, V.H. “Associations between co- occurring conditions and age of autism diagno- sis: Implications for mental health training and adult autism research.” Autism Research 15, is- sue 11 (Aug. 27, 2022): 2112-2125. DOI: 10.1002/ aur.2808 4 Kang-Yi, C.D.; Grinker, R.R.; Beidas, R.; et al. “Influence of Community-Level Cultural Be- liefs about Autism on Families’ and Profes- sionals’ Care for Children.” Transcultural Psy- chiatry 55, no.5 (October 2018): 623-647. DOI: 10.1177/1363461518779831 5 Guthrie, W.; Wallis, K.; Bennett, A.; et al. “Ac- curacy of Autism Screening in a Large Pediatric Network.” Pediatrics 144, issue 4 (October 2019): e20183963. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3963 6 Kalb, L.G.; Singh, V.; Hong, J.S.; et al. “Analysis of Race and Sex Bias in the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2).” JAMA Net- work Open 5, no.4 (April 1, 2022): e229498. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.9498 7 Vanegas, S.B.; Magaña, S.; Morales, M.; McNa- mara, E. “Clinical Validity of the ADI-R in a US- Based Latino Population.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 46, no.5 (May 2016): 1623-1635. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2690-4 The MMR Debate and Autism: Unraveling a Disproven Theory By Jayne Bellando, PhD & Jaimie Flor, MD 1 Gabis, L.; Attia, O.; Goldman, M.; et al. “The myth of vaccination and autism spectrum.” European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 36 (January 2022): 151-158. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.12.011 2 Taylor, B.; Miller, E.; Farrington, C.P.; et al. “Au- tism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal associa- tion.” The Lancet 353, issue 9169 (June 12, 1999): 2026-2029. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01239-8 3 Dales, L.; Hammer, S.J.; Smith, N.J. “Time trends in autism and in MMR immunization coverage in California.” JAMA 285, no.9 (March 7, 2001): 1183- 1185. DOI: 10.1001/jama.285.9.1183 4 Eggertson, L. “Lancet retracts 12-year-old ar- ticle linking autism to MMR vaccines.” Canadian Medical Association Journal 182, no.4 (Feb. 4, 2010): E199-E200. PMID: 20142376 5 Horton, R. “A statement by the editors of The Lancet.” The Lancet 363, issue 9411 (March 6, 2004): 820-821. DOI: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(04)15699-7 6 Murch, S.H.; Anthony, A.; Casson, D. H.; et al. “Retraction of an interpretation.” The Lancet 363, issue 9411 (March 6, 2004): 750. DOI: 10.1016/ S0140-6736(04)15715-2 7 Madsen, K.M.; Hviid, A.; Vestergaard, M.; et al. “A Population-Based Study of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination and Autism.” The New England journal of medicine 347, no. 19 (Nov. 7, 2002): 1477–1482. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa021134 8 Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Vaccine Education Center. “Vaccines and Autism.” Last reviewed Feb. 5, 2024. https://www.chop.edu/ vaccine-education-center/vaccine-safety/vac- cines-and-other-conditions/autism 9 Taylor, L.; Swerdfeger, A.; Eslick, G. “Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidenced- based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies.” Vaccine 32, no. 29 (June 17, 2014): 3623- 3629. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085 The Genetic Puzzle of Autism: Understand- ing Heritability and Syndromic Links By Tiffany Lepard, MS, LCGC 1 Folstein, S.; Rutter, M. “Infantile autism: a genetic study of 21 twin pairs.” Journal of Child Psychol- ogy Psychiatry 18, no. 4 (September 1977): 297- 321. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00443.x 2 Kereszturi, É. “Diversity and Classification of Genetic Variations in Autism Spectrum Disor- der.” International Journal of Molecular Sciences