HJAR Mar/Apr 2025

HEALTHCARE JOURNAL OF ARKANSAS I  MAR / APR 2025 61 Why Are There More Cases of Autism? A Historical and Practical Perspective By Jayne Bellando, PhD, and Jaimie Flor, MD 1 Myers, S.; Challman, T. “Autism Spectrum Disor- der,” in Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2nd Edition, ed. Voight, R.G.; Macias, M.M.; Myers, S.M.; Tapia,C.D. (American Academy of Pediat- rics, 2018) 2 Baron-Cohen, S. “Leo Kanner, Hans Asperger, and the discovery of autism.” The Lancet 386, is- sue 10001 (Oct. 3, 2015): 1329-1330. 3 Oswald, D. “Pervasive Developmental Disor- ders.” Comprehensive Psychology 9 (1998): 19- 35. 4 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical Manual of mental disorders-3rd Edition. American Psychiatric Association, 1987. 5 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Association, 2013 6 Sweileh, W.M.; Al-Jabi, S.W.; Sawalha, A.F.; Zyoud, S.H. “Bibliometric profile of the global scientific research on autism spectrum disor- ders”. SpringerPlus 5, 1480 (2016). https://doi. org/10.1186/s40064-016-3165-6 7 Hyman, S.; Levy, S.; Myers, S.; Council on Chil- dren with Disabilities, Section of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics; et al. “Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Pediatrics 145, no. 1 (Jan. 1, 2020): e20193447. https://doi.org/10.1542/ peds.2019-3447 8 McCormack, G.; Dillon, A.C.; Healy, O.; et al. “Pri- mary Care Physicians’ Knowledge of Autism and Evidence-Based Interventions for Autism: A Sys- tematic Review.” Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 7 (Dec. 4, 2019): 226- 241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-019-00189-4 9 Williams, P.G.; Tomchek, S.; Grau, R.; et al. “Par- ent and Physician Perceptions of Medical Home Care for Children With Autism Spectrum Disor- ders in the State of Kentucky.” Clinical Pediatrics 51, issue 11 (Sept. 13, 2012): 1071-1078. https://doi. org/10.1177/0009922812460333 10 Hamp, N.; DeHaan, S.L.; Cerf, C.M.; Radesky, J.S. “Primary Care Pediatricians’ Perspectives on Autism Care.” Pediatrics 151, no. 1 (Dec. 23, 2022): e2022057712. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022- 057712 Early Detection of Autism: Screening, Diagnosis, and Barriers to Care By Jaimie Flor, MD and Jayne Bellando PhD 1 Hyman, S.L.; Levy, S.E.; Myers, S. M.; et al. “Iden- tification, Evaluation, and Management of Chil- dren With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pediatrics 145, no.1 (Jan. 1, 2020): e20193447. https://doi. org/10.1542/peds.2019-3447 2 Council on Children with Disabilities; Section on Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics; Bright Futures Steering Committee; et al. “Identifying Infants and Young Children With Developmental Disorders in the Medical Home: An Algorithm for Developmental Surveillance and Screening. Pedi- atrics 118, no.1 (July 1, 2006): 405-420. https://doi. org/10.1542/peds.2006-1231 3 Johnson, C.P.; Myers, S.M.; Council on Children with Disabilities. “Identification and Evaluation of References for Across the Spectrum: A Special Report on Pediatric Autism Care in Arkansas 61 JAN / FEB 2025 I  HEALTHCARE JOURNAL OF ARKANSAS Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders.” Pe- diatrics 120, no.5 (Nov. 1, 2007): 1183-1215. https:// doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2361 4 Robins, D.L.; Casagrande, K.; Barton, M.; et al. “Validation of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised With Follow-up (M-CHAT- R/F).” Pediatrics 133, no.1 (Jan. 1, 2014): 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1813 5 Zwaigenbaum, L.; Bauman, M.L.; Fein, D., et al. “Early screening of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Recommendations for Practice and Research.” Pediatrics 136, suppl. 1 (Oct. 1, 2015): S41-S59. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3667D 6 Rogers, S.J.; Vismara, L. A. “Evidence-Based Comprehensive Treatments for Early Autism.” Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychol- ogy 37, no.1 (April 15, 2008): 8-38. https://doi. org/10.1080/15374410701817808 7 Beers, A.N.; McBoyle, M.; Kakande, E.; et al. “Au- tism and peripheral hearing loss: A systematic review.” International Journal of Pediatric Oto- rhinolaryngology 78, no.1 (January 2014): 96-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.10.016 8 University of Arkansas. “Arkansas Autism Part- nership (AAP).” Retrieved Nov. 18, 2024. https:// uofapartners.uark.edu/projects/autism-partner- ship/ 9 Schaefer, G.B.; Mendelsohn, N.J.; Professional Practice and Guidelines Committee. “Clinical ge- netics evaluation in identifying the etiology of autism spectrum disorders: 2013 guideline revi- sions.” Genetics in Medicine 15, no.5 (May 2013): 399-407. https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2013.32 10 Langmann, A.; Mingebach, T.; Weber, L.; et al. “Diagnostic accuracy of the ADOS and ADOS-2 in clinical practice.” European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 27, no.9 (March 20, 2018): 1193-1207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1143-y 11 Gordon-Lipkin, E.; Foster, J.; Peacock, G. “Whit- tling Down the Wait Time: Exploring Models to Minimize the Delay from Initial Concern to Di- agnosis and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Pediatric Clinics of North America 63, issue 5 (October 2016): 851-859. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.06.007 12 McCormack, G.; Dillon, A.C.; Healy, O.; et al. “Primary Care Physicians’ Knowledge of Autism and Evidence-Based Interventions for Autism: A Systematic Review.” Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 7 (2020): 226-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-019-00189-4 13 Carbone, P.S.; Norlin, C.; Young, P.C. “Improv- ing Early Identification and Ongoing Care of Chil- dren With Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Pediatrics 137, no.6 (June 1, 2016): e20151850. https://doi. org/10.1542/peds.2015-1850 Building a Better System: How Arkansas Can Improve Autism Care By Maya Lopez, MD 1 CDC. “Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Moni- toring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2002.” MMWR, Surveillance Summaries 56, No. SS-1 (Feb. 9, 2007): 12-28. 2 Maenner, M.J.; Warren, Z.; Williams, A.R.; et al.” Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabili- ties Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020.” MMWR Surveillance Summaries 72, No. SS-2 (March 24, 2003): 1–14. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7202a1 3 Arkansas Center for Health Improvement (ACHI). “Arkansas Health Care Workforce: A Guide for Policy Action.” March 2013. https://achi. net/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Health-Care- Workforce_-A-Guide-for-Policy-Action-2013.pdf 4 ACHI. “Profile of the Primary Care Physician Workforce in Arkansas.” June 2023. https://achi. net/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/230712B-HR- SA-Report_UPDATE.pdf 5 Waddington, H.; van der Meer, L; Sigafoos, J. “Effectiveness of the Early Start Denver Model: a Systematic Review.” Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 3 (Jan. 8, 2016): 93- 106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-015-0068-3 6 Mazurek, M.O.; Harkins, C.; Menezes, M.; et al. “Primary Care Providers’ Perceived Barriers and Needs for Support in Caring for Children with Au- tism.” The Journal of Pediatrics 221 (June 2020): 240-245.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.01.014 7 Coughlan, B; Duschinsky, R.; O’Connor, M.; Woolgar, M. “Identifying and managing care for children with autism spectrum disorders in gen- eral practice: A systematic review and narrative synthesis.” Health & Social Care in the Commu- nity 28, issue 6 (July 15, 2020): 1928-1941. https:// doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13098 8 de Marchena, A.; Miller, J. “’Frank’ presentations as a novel research construct and element of diagnostic decision-making in autism spectrum disorder.” Autism Research 10, no.4 (April 2017): 653-662. DOI: 10.1002/aur.1706 9 Wieckowski, A.T.; Zuckerman, K.E.; Broder-Fin- gert, S.; Robins, D.L. “Addressing current barriers to autism diagnoses through a tiered diagnostic approach involving pediatric primary care pro- viders.” Autism Research 15, no.12 (Oct. 17, 2022): 2216–2222. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2832 10 McNally Keehn, R.; Ciccarelli, M.; Szczepaniak, D.; et al. “A Statewide Tiered System for Screen- ing and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Pediatrics 146, no.2 (August 2020): e20193876. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-3876 11 Battanta, N.K.; Jenni, O.G.; Schaefer, C.; von Rhein, M. “Autism spectrum: parents’ perspec- tives reflecting the different needs of differ- ent families.” BMC Pediatrics 24, no.1 (Sept. 30, 2024): 439. DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04912-x 12 Makino, A.; Hartman, L.; King, G; et al. “Par- ent Experiences of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis: a Scoping Review.” Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 8 (Feb. 16, 2021): 267-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489- 021-00237-y 13 Feinberg, E.; Kuhn, J.; Sandler Eilenberg, J.; et al. “Improving Family Navigation for Children with Autism: A Comparison of Two Pilot Randomized Controlled Trials.” Academic Pediatrics 21, issue 2 (March 2021): 265–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. acap.2020.04.007 14 Feinberg, E.; Augustyn, M.; Broder-Fingert, S.; et al. “Ascertainment Among Children at Risk for Autism: A Randomized Clinical Trial From DB- PNet.” JAMA Pediatrics 175, no.3 (Mar 1, 2021): 243-250. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5218 Understanding Autism & Access to Services